A Creative writing and creative speaking activities such as writing a story or improvising a drama.
B Information or opinion gap activities which require learners to communicate with each other and/or the teacher in order to close the gap.
C Variety (e.g. breaking up the monotony of a unit routine with an unexpected activity; using many different text types taken from many different types of sources; using a number of different instructor voices on a cassette).
D Post-listening and post-reading activities which require the learners to use information from the text to achieve a communicative purpose (e.g. deciding what television programs to watch; discussing who to vote for; writing a review of a book or film).