A While the high L2 group sounded less accented, more comprehensible and more fluent than the low L2 group, the NS group performed better than both L2 groups in these measures.
B Undue or long pauses, repetitions and false starts are dysfluencies imperceptible by listeners.
C Since the NS group members had their fluency affected by additional cognitive demands of high workload conditions, fluency measures may be a good indicator of cognitive overload.
D Both the amount of retained information and the listeners’ perception of speech are affected by the workload.
E High cognitive workload worsens the speech production of low-proficiency L2 speakers.